Engineering 6 CBraga

Lecture One Dimensional Arrays Arrays are a type of data structure that allows for working with a group of values using a single identifier.  Lab Servos Servos rotate to a particular angular position and stay there until told to move to a new position.  There are both standard and continuous rotation servos. Unmodified ones have a fixed range due to a potentiometer in line with the drive shaft that is used for reporting the present position. Servos are controlled by sending a pulse of a certain length; this length determines the position it will rotate to. However, in a continuous rotation servo, there is no potentiometer and the servo rotates continuously, and the pulse length determines the speed instead.  Servos draw a significant amount of current, typically more than an Arduino can supply, so it is best to use a separate power supply. Homework Hardware //Servo Potentiometer Control #include <Servo.h> const int SERVO=9; //Servo on...

Lecture Random Numbers Random numbers can be generated using the rand function, however, the same value would be printed since it generates integers in a specified sequence. To generate a new sequence of random numbers each time, a new random-number seed is needed. First, I need to use srand to generate a seed in order for the rand function to generate new random numbers every time. We can also generate random integers between specified limits.  #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main(void) {   /* Declare variables and function prototype. */   unsigned int seed;   int a, b, k;   int rand_int(int a,int b);   /* Get seed value and interval limits. */   printf("Enter a positive integer seed value: \n");   scanf("%u",&seed);   srand(seed);   printf("Enter integer limits a and b (a<b): \n");   scanf("%i %i",&a,&b);   /* Generate and print ten random numbe...

Functions Functions are sets of statements that typically perform operation or compute value. They can help to make programs more accessible and usable for non-programmers e.g. create function that allows user to type "go forward" and move a robot forward. Modules -Functions can be split up into modules, "divide and conquer" -Each module has specific purpose, can be written and tested separately -Smaller than complete solution, therefore testing is easier -Can be used in new problem solutions without being retested -Reduces overall length of program -Allows for increased collaboration; modules can be worked on in parallel Debugging Longer Programs Use a compiler that gives meaningful information about errors. Adding comments around some sections of code can allow for better focus on other parts of the program. Test complicated functions by themselves. Programmer Defined Functions Execution of program always begins with main function. Additional ...

Figure 1.1 Linear interpolation  assumes that a straight line joins two points f(a) and f(c), and that the value of f(b), where b lies between a and c, lies on this line. Figure 1.2 Cubic spline interpolation  is when the points f(a) and f(c) are joined by a cubic polynomial, and the value of f(b), a function of b, which lies between points a and c, lies on this curve. Formula Assumes a<b<c f(b)=f(a)+((b-a)/(c-a))[f(c)-f(a)] Example 1 The data was given, shown in Figure 1.1 at right. Figure 2.1 Example 2 In the example on the left, we used linear interpolation to find the freezing temperature of certain salinities of water. 1. Problem Statement Use linear interpolation to determine the freezing temperature of water with a certain salinity. 2. Input/Output Description Inputs: first salinity, second salinity, first freezing temperature, second freezing temperature, new salinity. Output: new freezing temperature 3. Hand Example See...